Mean State

Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 48.8
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 72.9 -17.8 39.7 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.933 0.233
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 69.4 -32.6 48.0 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
CanESM2 [-] 83.3 12.3 42.2 1.03 0.263 0.00 0.930 0.298
CanESM5 [-] 83.1 0.662 47.3 1.03 0.960 0.00 0.930 0.473
CESM1-BGC [-] 75.3 -16.9 33.8 2.05 0.00 0.00 0.745 0.186
CESM2 [-] 63.6 -36.8 45.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.250
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 82.1 -7.39 31.0 0.00 0.558 0.00 1.00 0.390
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 70.0 -28.3 41.5 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 71.1 -46.9 58.9 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 65.1 -16.4 34.7 2.05 0.0178 0.00 0.745 0.191
MeanCMIP5 [-] 74.3 -16.7 28.1 0.00 0.00
MeanCMIP6 [-] 66.3 -28.8 40.7 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
MIROC-ESM [-] 84.6 -10.5 36.1 2.05 0.371 0.00 0.745 0.279
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 91.9 -3.04 28.2 2.05 0.818 0.00 0.745 0.391
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 67.6 -33.6 51.7 2.05 0.00 0.00 0.745 0.186
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 53.3 -44.0 52.9 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
NorESM1-ME [-] 74.7 -24.3 36.4 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
NorESM2-LM [-] 55.7 -42.7 53.8 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 62.9 -26.1 42.2 0.00 0.00
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 54.6 -32.6 41.0 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.930 0.233
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 98.9
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 98.8 -0.0103 21.8 5.10 1.00 0.351 0.0631 0.441
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 111. 11.8 22.2 1.02 0.516 0.477 0.933 0.601
CanESM2 [-] 103. 4.07 13.9 5.10 0.834 0.625 0.0631 0.537
CanESM5 [-] 124. 25.3 26.1 2.98 0.00 0.667 0.515 0.462
CESM1-BGC [-] 115. 15.9 18.2 1.02 0.349 0.700 0.933 0.671
CESM2 [-] 95.5 -3.38 11.6 2.00 0.862 0.657 0.756 0.733
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 119. 19.9 23.1 2.03 0.187 0.638 0.749 0.553
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 110. 11.2 17.7 2.98 0.542 0.597 0.515 0.563
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 95.4 -3.50 10.2 0.00 0.857 0.711 1.00 0.819
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 102. 3.02 11.9 1.02 0.877 0.662 0.933 0.783
MeanCMIP5 [-] 111. 11.7 13.3 4.05 0.523 0.783 0.251 0.585
MeanCMIP6 [-] 112. 13.0 15.0 0.00 0.470 0.791 1.00 0.763
MIROC-ESM [-] 112. 13.2 21.3 1.02 0.462 0.487 0.933 0.592
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 126. 26.9 29.5 1.02 0.00 0.433 0.933 0.450
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 119. 19.8 32.1 6.05 0.191 0.322 7.41e-05 0.209
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 148. 48.8 48.6 1.02 0.00 0.532 0.933 0.499
NorESM1-ME [-] 110. 11.3 14.7 1.02 0.539 0.678 0.933 0.707
NorESM2-LM [-] 105. 6.37 12.0 2.00 0.740 0.705 0.756 0.726
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 110. 10.9 12.6 0.00 0.555 0.722 1.00 0.750
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 108. 9.17 15.1 0.00 0.625 0.704 1.00 0.758
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 37.9
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 45.7 7.10 28.8 1.32 0.330 0.111 0.754 0.326
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 49.3 11.1 28.7 1.36 0.299 0.141 0.771 0.338
CanESM2 [-] 38.9 0.973 28.3 1.34 0.416 0.112 0.768 0.352
CanESM5 [-] 51.2 12.3 32.3 1.34 0.250 0.108 0.761 0.307
CESM1-BGC [-] 54.9 15.6 31.9 1.04 0.259 0.161 0.835 0.354
CESM2 [-] 45.4 6.36 26.0 1.13 0.377 0.192 0.827 0.397
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 53.6 15.3 31.7 0.993 0.257 0.123 0.826 0.332
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 54.9 17.7 32.9 1.05 0.251 0.114 0.811 0.322
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 44.9 8.53 27.1 1.18 0.330 0.148 0.804 0.357
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 52.6 13.0 31.1 1.14 0.282 0.150 0.832 0.354
MeanCMIP5 [-] 50.6 12.0 27.0 1.04 0.319 0.208 0.797 0.383
MeanCMIP6 [-] 51.6 13.6 27.7 1.06 0.297 0.204 0.815 0.380
MIROC-ESM [-] 55.8 15.4 31.8 1.31 0.277 0.142 0.791 0.338
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 63.0 24.8 36.9 1.23 0.142 0.131 0.811 0.304
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 55.3 16.4 35.5 1.21 0.223 0.103 0.765 0.299
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 51.2 16.0 36.4 1.09 0.230 0.0700 0.827 0.299
NorESM1-ME [-] 54.3 14.7 31.0 1.07 0.237 0.164 0.819 0.346
NorESM2-LM [-] 46.6 7.06 27.2 1.18 0.373 0.180 0.810 0.386
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 50.5 14.0 33.3 1.27 0.232 0.120 0.768 0.310
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 48.6 11.1 29.2 1.09 0.301 0.149 0.809 0.352
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 26.2
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 31.5 6.01 20.1 0.495 0.412 0.176 0.965 0.432
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 34.2 9.11 22.9 0.550 0.306 0.172 0.924 0.394
CanESM2 [-] 29.4 2.96 20.3 0.523 0.478 0.178 0.959 0.448
CanESM5 [-] 35.8 10.9 24.8 0.634 0.261 0.149 0.946 0.376
CESM1-BGC [-] 34.9 9.32 23.3 0.414 0.283 0.186 0.969 0.406
CESM2 [-] 31.5 5.92 20.4 0.771 0.433 0.196 0.941 0.441
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 38.3 13.6 26.1 0.441 0.168 0.174 0.970 0.371
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 40.3 15.2 28.5 0.442 0.243 0.0821 0.959 0.342
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 35.5 10.4 22.7 0.744 0.327 0.157 0.928 0.392
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 34.7 9.24 22.7 0.607 0.423 0.122 0.935 0.401
MeanCMIP5 [-] 35.4 9.23 20.4 0.262 0.304 0.256 0.973 0.447
MeanCMIP6 [-] 36.7 11.3 22.4 0.359 0.281 0.210 0.971 0.418
MIROC-ESM [-] 36.5 9.37 24.2 1.10 0.344 0.187 0.886 0.401
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 46.0 21.0 31.6 0.770 0.0729 0.102 0.950 0.307
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 37.0 12.3 25.0 0.689 0.213 0.136 0.906 0.347
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 39.7 14.3 28.5 0.523 0.262 0.103 0.948 0.354
NorESM1-ME [-] 32.4 5.51 19.7 0.690 0.386 0.230 0.926 0.443
NorESM2-LM [-] 32.3 5.32 20.0 0.441 0.447 0.205 0.967 0.456
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 38.2 11.8 25.6 0.465 0.241 0.113 0.959 0.357
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 35.5 10.2 22.8 0.469 0.306 0.187 0.958 0.409
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]
Bias [W m-2]
RMSE [W m-2]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 94.6
bcc-csm1-1 [-] 60.2 -34.4 51.1 4.73 0.0559 0.129 0.171 0.121
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 113. 18.0 30.3 4.38 0.267 0.290 0.268 0.279
CanESM2 [-] 44.0 -50.6 66.0 4.39 0.00 0.00 0.263 0.0657
CanESM5 [-] 58.6 -36.0 60.6 4.42 0.00 0.00 0.203 0.0508
CESM1-BGC [-] 120. 25.6 32.1 2.02 0.164 0.484 0.735 0.467
CESM2 [-] 107. 12.5 21.0 3.71 0.490 0.519 0.425 0.488
GFDL-ESM2G [-] 84.2 -10.4 41.4 4.03 0.549 0.0240 0.324 0.230
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 96.3 1.76 39.5 2.70 0.451 0.140 0.599 0.333
IPSL-CM5A-LR [-] 84.7 -9.83 35.1 4.38 0.591 0.183 0.268 0.306
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 117. 22.4 28.2 0.678 0.268 0.559 0.957 0.586
MeanCMIP5 [-] 82.4 -12.5 26.7 3.41 0.503 0.345 0.429 0.406
MeanCMIP6 [-] 105. 10.9 22.2 3.05 0.568 0.438 0.499 0.486
MIROC-ESM [-] 93.8 -0.807 43.3 4.73 0.460 0.00 0.134 0.149
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 144. 49.7 55.9 3.38 0.00 0.300 0.445 0.261
MPI-ESM-LR [-] 50.1 -44.5 66.8 4.73 0.0599 0.164 0.168 0.139
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 112. 17.0 51.2 3.38 0.293 0.0580 0.448 0.214
NorESM1-ME [-] 112. 17.0 26.8 1.68 0.298 0.568 0.777 0.553
NorESM2-LM [-] 107. 12.2 17.4 2.38 0.517 0.673 0.573 0.609
UK-HadGEM2-ES [-] 122. 27.1 36.7 5.41 0.205 0.492 0.0769 0.317
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 106. 11.8 29.8 4.03 0.525 0.180 0.358 0.311

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
Data not available
bcc-csm1-1
Data not available
Data not available
BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
Data not available
CanESM2
Data not available
Data not available
CanESM5
Data not available
Data not available
CESM1-BGC
Data not available
Data not available
CESM2
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM2G
Data not available
Data not available
GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM5A-LR
Data not available
Data not available
IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
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MeanCMIP5
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
Data not available
MIROC-ESM
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM-LR
Data not available
Data not available
MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM1-ME
Data not available
Data not available
NorESM2-LM
Data not available
Data not available
UK-HadGEM2-ES
Data not available
Data not available
UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
Data not available

Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: LE_F_MDS