	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]	Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]	Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	23.0
bcc-csm1-1	[-]	20.8	-2.22	4.24	0.983	0.755	0.646	0.937	0.746
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	30.2	7.16	8.63	0.00	0.210	0.474	1.00	0.539
CanESM2	[-]	23.6	0.644	4.72	0.983	0.929	0.585	0.937	0.759
CanESM5	[-]	21.0	-2.05	3.83	0.983	0.774	0.726	0.937	0.791
CESM1-BGC	[-]	20.1	-2.89	3.88	0.983	0.680	0.787	0.937	0.798
CESM2	[-]	23.2	0.239	3.45	0.983	0.974	0.673	0.937	0.814
GFDL-ESM2G	[-]	23.6	0.617	3.22	2.00	0.932	0.691	0.756	0.767
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	27.1	4.12	7.17	0.983	0.545	0.439	0.937	0.590
IPSL-CM5A-LR	[-]	31.6	8.62	8.76	0.983	0.0485	0.639	0.937	0.566
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	21.6	-1.42	3.36	0.983	0.843	0.696	0.937	0.793
MeanCMIP5	[-]	25.4	2.32	3.07	3.05	0.744	0.827	0.498	0.724
MeanCMIP6	[-]	25.9	2.87	4.20	0.983	0.684	0.719	0.937	0.764
MIROC-ESM	[-]	22.7	-0.322	6.53	2.00	0.964	0.382	0.756	0.621
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	22.0	-0.985	5.17	0.983	0.891	0.501	0.937	0.708
MPI-ESM-LR	[-]	33.8	10.8	13.1	0.983	0.00	0.431	0.937	0.450
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	35.6	12.6	14.1	0.983	0.00	0.486	0.937	0.477
NorESM1-ME	[-]	20.3	-2.75	3.66	2.00	0.696	0.722	0.756	0.724
NorESM2-LM	[-]	22.9	-0.110	2.55	0.983	0.988	0.758	0.937	0.860
UK-HadGEM2-ES	[-]	27.5	4.40	4.89	3.05	0.515	0.807	0.498	0.656
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	36.1	13.1	14.2	0.983	0.00	0.636	0.937	0.552

Download Data

Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]

Bias [W m-2]

RMSE [W m-2]

Phase Shift [months]

Bias Score [1]

RMSE Score [1]

Seasonal Cycle Score [1]

Overall Score [1]

Benchmark

[-]

23.0

bcc-csm1-1

[-]

20.8

-2.22

4.24

0.983

0.755

0.646

0.937

0.746

BCC-CSM2-MR

[-]

30.2

7.16

8.63

0.00

0.210

0.474

1.00

0.539

CanESM2

[-]

23.6

0.644

4.72

0.983

0.929

0.585

0.937

0.759

CanESM5

[-]

21.0

-2.05

3.83

0.983

0.774

0.726

0.937

0.791

CESM1-BGC

[-]

20.1

-2.89

3.88

0.983

0.680

0.787

0.937

0.798

CESM2

[-]

23.2

0.239

3.45

0.983

0.974

0.673

0.937

0.814

GFDL-ESM2G

[-]

23.6

0.617

3.22

2.00

0.932

0.691

0.756

0.767

GFDL-ESM4

[-]

27.1

4.12

7.17

0.983

0.545

0.439

0.937

0.590

IPSL-CM5A-LR

[-]

31.6

8.62

8.76

0.983

0.0485

0.639

0.937

0.566

IPSL-CM6A-LR

[-]

21.6

-1.42

3.36

0.983

0.843

0.696

0.937

0.793

MeanCMIP5

[-]

25.4

2.32

3.07

3.05

0.744

0.827

0.498

0.724

MeanCMIP6

[-]

25.9

2.87

4.20

0.983

0.684

0.719

0.937

0.764

MIROC-ESM

[-]

22.7

-0.322

6.53

2.00

0.964

0.382

0.756

0.621

MIROC-ESM2L

[-]

22.0

-0.985

5.17

0.983

0.891

0.501

0.937

0.708

MPI-ESM-LR

[-]

33.8

10.8

13.1

0.983

0.00

0.431

0.937

0.450

MPI-ESM1.2-HR

[-]

35.6

12.6

14.1

0.983

0.00

0.486

0.937

0.477

NorESM1-ME

[-]

20.3

-2.75

3.66

2.00

0.696

0.722

0.756

0.724

NorESM2-LM

[-]

22.9

-0.110

2.55

0.983

0.988

0.758

0.937

0.860

UK-HadGEM2-ES

[-]

27.5

4.40

4.89

3.05

0.515

0.807

0.498

0.656

UKESM1-0-LL

[-]

36.1

13.1

14.2

0.983

0.00

0.636

0.937

0.552

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]	Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]	Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	26.7
bcc-csm1-1	[-]	25.8	-3.54	14.0	1.49	0.336	0.342	0.798	0.454
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	26.6	-2.91	14.2	1.50	0.301	0.360	0.778	0.450
CanESM2	[-]	33.8	4.89	18.0	1.15	0.161	0.195	0.842	0.348
CanESM5	[-]	31.5	2.98	14.6	1.36	0.301	0.309	0.805	0.431
CESM1-BGC	[-]	26.4	-2.44	12.0	1.33	0.367	0.419	0.811	0.504
CESM2	[-]	27.9	-1.54	12.7	1.15	0.337	0.395	0.841	0.492
GFDL-ESM2G	[-]	32.6	4.45	16.9	1.36	0.210	0.232	0.811	0.371
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	33.6	4.57	16.5	1.11	0.215	0.280	0.856	0.408
IPSL-CM5A-LR	[-]	35.9	4.64	16.5	1.53	0.240	0.249	0.801	0.385
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	26.3	-1.79	14.1	1.54	0.327	0.335	0.783	0.445
MeanCMIP5	[-]	30.0	0.686	13.2	1.51	0.288	0.391	0.778	0.462
MeanCMIP6	[-]	29.4	0.283	12.5	1.22	0.307	0.418	0.825	0.492
MIROC-ESM	[-]	29.9	3.26	19.1	1.36	0.196	0.206	0.795	0.351
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	25.2	-3.67	13.7	1.44	0.355	0.376	0.792	0.475
MPI-ESM-LR	[-]	29.0	0.481	15.5	1.18	0.260	0.280	0.833	0.413
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	28.4	-2.90	14.3	1.25	0.278	0.356	0.837	0.457
NorESM1-ME	[-]	25.3	-3.03	13.1	1.19	0.382	0.404	0.830	0.505
NorESM2-LM	[-]	26.9	-2.19	13.6	1.21	0.355	0.355	0.826	0.473
UK-HadGEM2-ES	[-]	28.6	-0.912	15.0	1.42	0.229	0.318	0.796	0.415
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	36.9	7.64	17.2	1.32	0.209	0.246	0.817	0.380

Download Data

Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]

Bias [W m-2]

RMSE [W m-2]

Phase Shift [months]

Bias Score [1]

RMSE Score [1]

Seasonal Cycle Score [1]

Overall Score [1]

Benchmark

[-]

26.7

bcc-csm1-1

[-]

25.8

-3.54

14.0

1.49

0.336

0.342

0.798

0.454

BCC-CSM2-MR

[-]

26.6

-2.91

14.2

1.50

0.301

0.360

0.778

0.450

CanESM2

[-]

33.8

4.89

18.0

1.15

0.161

0.195

0.842

0.348

CanESM5

[-]

31.5

2.98

14.6

1.36

0.301

0.309

0.805

0.431

CESM1-BGC

[-]

26.4

-2.44

12.0

1.33

0.367

0.419

0.811

0.504

CESM2

[-]

27.9

-1.54

12.7

1.15

0.337

0.395

0.841

0.492

GFDL-ESM2G

[-]

32.6

4.45

16.9

1.36

0.210

0.232

0.811

0.371

GFDL-ESM4

[-]

33.6

4.57

16.5

1.11

0.215

0.280

0.856

0.408

IPSL-CM5A-LR

[-]

35.9

4.64

16.5

1.53

0.240

0.249

0.801

0.385

IPSL-CM6A-LR

[-]

26.3

-1.79

14.1

1.54

0.327

0.335

0.783

0.445

MeanCMIP5

[-]

30.0

0.686

13.2

1.51

0.288

0.391

0.778

0.462

MeanCMIP6

[-]

29.4

0.283

12.5

1.22

0.307

0.418

0.825

0.492

MIROC-ESM

[-]

29.9

3.26

19.1

1.36

0.196

0.206

0.795

0.351

MIROC-ESM2L

[-]

25.2

-3.67

13.7

1.44

0.355

0.376

0.792

0.475

MPI-ESM-LR

[-]

29.0

0.481

15.5

1.18

0.260

0.280

0.833

0.413

MPI-ESM1.2-HR

[-]

28.4

-2.90

14.3

1.25

0.278

0.356

0.837

0.457

NorESM1-ME

[-]

25.3

-3.03

13.1

1.19

0.382

0.404

0.830

0.505

NorESM2-LM

[-]

26.9

-2.19

13.6

1.21

0.355

0.826

0.473

UK-HadGEM2-ES

[-]

28.6

-0.912

15.0

1.42

0.229

0.318

0.796

0.415

UKESM1-0-LL

[-]

36.9

7.64

17.2

1.32

0.209

0.246

0.817

0.380

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]	Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]	Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	21.7
bcc-csm1-1	[-]	20.7	-3.61	13.6	1.21	0.364	0.442	0.869	0.529
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	24.8	-0.407	13.7	0.904	0.330	0.393	0.889	0.501
CanESM2	[-]	30.9	7.70	18.2	0.904	0.174	0.190	0.878	0.358
CanESM5	[-]	27.9	2.82	12.4	1.17	0.376	0.342	0.842	0.476
CESM1-BGC	[-]	24.9	0.236	10.3	1.05	0.455	0.519	0.841	0.583
CESM2	[-]	22.6	-2.50	11.6	0.904	0.405	0.477	0.871	0.558
GFDL-ESM2G	[-]	29.8	4.51	16.7	1.02	0.229	0.266	0.859	0.405
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	26.3	3.93	16.5	1.09	0.197	0.323	0.857	0.425
IPSL-CM5A-LR	[-]	29.1	5.39	17.1	1.43	0.257	0.211	0.825	0.376
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	22.7	-1.84	13.2	1.36	0.388	0.385	0.828	0.496
MeanCMIP5	[-]	26.7	2.85	12.3	1.02	0.289	0.461	0.866	0.519
MeanCMIP6	[-]	24.7	0.594	11.9	0.942	0.331	0.458	0.864	0.528
MIROC-ESM	[-]	26.3	7.26	22.7	1.17	0.143	0.161	0.829	0.324
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	21.4	-1.52	13.1	0.980	0.382	0.395	0.875	0.512
MPI-ESM-LR	[-]	26.1	2.58	14.7	0.942	0.278	0.318	0.860	0.443
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	22.7	-3.14	12.7	0.980	0.371	0.429	0.875	0.526
NorESM1-ME	[-]	24.0	-0.248	11.5	0.942	0.459	0.477	0.860	0.568
NorESM2-LM	[-]	21.1	-2.92	11.8	0.942	0.401	0.437	0.867	0.535
UK-HadGEM2-ES	[-]	25.3	2.83	14.7	0.978	0.284	0.310	0.862	0.442
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	30.6	8.11	15.7	0.980	0.192	0.223	0.868	0.377

Download Data

Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]

Bias [W m-2]

RMSE [W m-2]

Phase Shift [months]

Bias Score [1]

RMSE Score [1]

Seasonal Cycle Score [1]

Overall Score [1]

Benchmark

[-]

21.7

bcc-csm1-1

[-]

20.7

-3.61

13.6

1.21

0.364

0.442

0.869

0.529

BCC-CSM2-MR

[-]

24.8

-0.407

13.7

0.904

0.330

0.393

0.889

0.501

CanESM2

[-]

30.9

7.70

18.2

0.904

0.174

0.190

0.878

0.358

CanESM5

[-]

27.9

2.82

12.4

1.17

0.376

0.342

0.842

0.476

CESM1-BGC

[-]

24.9

0.236

10.3

1.05

0.455

0.519

0.841

0.583

CESM2

[-]

22.6

-2.50

11.6

0.904

0.405

0.477

0.871

0.558

GFDL-ESM2G

[-]

29.8

4.51

16.7

1.02

0.229

0.266

0.859

0.405

GFDL-ESM4

[-]

26.3

3.93

16.5

1.09

0.197

0.323

0.857

0.425

IPSL-CM5A-LR

[-]

29.1

5.39

17.1

1.43

0.257

0.211

0.825

0.376

IPSL-CM6A-LR

[-]

22.7

-1.84

13.2

1.36

0.388

0.385

0.828

0.496

MeanCMIP5

[-]

26.7

2.85

12.3

1.02

0.289

0.461

0.866

0.519

MeanCMIP6

[-]

24.7

0.594

11.9

0.942

0.331

0.458

0.864

0.528

MIROC-ESM

[-]

26.3

7.26

22.7

1.17

0.143

0.161

0.829

0.324

MIROC-ESM2L

[-]

21.4

-1.52

13.1

0.980

0.382

0.395

0.875

0.512

MPI-ESM-LR

[-]

26.1

2.58

14.7

0.942

0.278

0.318

0.860

0.443

MPI-ESM1.2-HR

[-]

22.7

-3.14

12.7

0.980

0.371

0.429

0.875

0.526

NorESM1-ME

[-]

24.0

-0.248

11.5

0.942

0.459

0.477

0.860

0.568

NorESM2-LM

[-]

21.1

-2.92

11.8

0.942

0.401

0.437

0.867

0.535

UK-HadGEM2-ES

[-]

25.3

2.83

14.7

0.978

0.284

0.310

0.862

0.442

UKESM1-0-LL

[-]

30.6

8.11

15.7

0.980

0.192

0.223

0.868

0.377

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]	Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]	Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	22.6
bcc-csm1-1	[-]	32.5	9.90	11.2	0.508	0.0498	0.608	0.966	0.558
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	28.9	6.30	8.50	1.02	0.350	0.652	0.933	0.647
CanESM2	[-]	32.2	9.61	10.8	1.02	0.0778	0.520	0.933	0.513
CanESM5	[-]	30.6	7.99	9.94	0.508	0.152	0.612	0.966	0.586
CESM1-BGC	[-]	20.4	-2.18	6.24	0.508	0.591	0.566	0.966	0.672
CESM2	[-]	23.8	1.22	5.83	0.00	0.531	0.663	1.00	0.714
GFDL-ESM2G	[-]	36.4	13.8	15.4	1.02	0.0372	0.529	0.933	0.507
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	36.0	13.4	16.8	0.508	0.00	0.324	0.966	0.403
IPSL-CM5A-LR	[-]	31.7	9.09	10.8	1.02	0.323	0.672	0.933	0.650
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	26.3	3.64	6.11	1.02	0.590	0.669	0.933	0.715
MeanCMIP5	[-]	29.8	7.13	8.31	0.508	0.254	0.700	0.966	0.655
MeanCMIP6	[-]	27.9	5.29	7.27	0.508	0.416	0.692	0.966	0.692
MIROC-ESM	[-]	26.7	4.08	6.21	1.53	0.550	0.527	0.839	0.611
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	19.7	-2.96	4.12	0.508	0.674	0.704	0.966	0.762
MPI-ESM-LR	[-]	40.1	17.5	19.3	0.508	0.00	0.440	0.966	0.462
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	21.4	-1.22	9.22	1.02	0.130	0.663	0.933	0.597
NorESM1-ME	[-]	19.8	-2.76	4.69	1.52	0.695	0.630	0.841	0.699
NorESM2-LM	[-]	25.8	3.24	5.30	0.00	0.643	0.680	1.00	0.751
UK-HadGEM2-ES	[-]	26.8	4.12	8.15	0.00	0.330	0.664	1.00	0.664
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	36.0	13.4	15.0	1.02	0.200	0.583	0.933	0.575

Download Data

Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]

Bias [W m-2]

RMSE [W m-2]

Phase Shift [months]

Bias Score [1]

RMSE Score [1]

Seasonal Cycle Score [1]

Overall Score [1]

Benchmark

[-]

22.6

bcc-csm1-1

[-]

32.5

9.90

11.2

0.508

0.0498

0.608

0.966

0.558

BCC-CSM2-MR

[-]

28.9

6.30

8.50

1.02

0.350

0.652

0.933

0.647

CanESM2

[-]

32.2

9.61

10.8

1.02

0.0778

0.520

0.933

0.513

CanESM5

[-]

30.6

7.99

9.94

0.508

0.152

0.612

0.966

0.586

CESM1-BGC

[-]

20.4

-2.18

6.24

0.508

0.591

0.566

0.966

0.672

CESM2

[-]

23.8

1.22

5.83

0.00

0.531

0.663

1.00

0.714

GFDL-ESM2G

[-]

36.4

13.8

15.4

1.02

0.0372

0.529

0.933

0.507

GFDL-ESM4

[-]

36.0

13.4

16.8

0.508

0.00

0.324

0.966

0.403

IPSL-CM5A-LR

[-]

31.7

9.09

10.8

1.02

0.323

0.672

0.933

0.650

IPSL-CM6A-LR

[-]

26.3

3.64

6.11

1.02

0.590

0.669

0.933

0.715

MeanCMIP5

[-]

29.8

7.13

8.31

0.508

0.254

0.700

0.966

0.655

MeanCMIP6

[-]

27.9

5.29

7.27

0.508

0.416

0.692

0.966

0.692

MIROC-ESM

[-]

26.7

4.08

6.21

1.53

0.550

0.527

0.839

0.611

MIROC-ESM2L

[-]

19.7

-2.96

4.12

0.508

0.674

0.704

0.966

0.762

MPI-ESM-LR

[-]

40.1

17.5

19.3

0.508

0.00

0.440

0.966

0.462

MPI-ESM1.2-HR

[-]

21.4

-1.22

9.22

1.02

0.130

0.663

0.933

0.597

NorESM1-ME

[-]

19.8

-2.76

4.69

1.52

0.695

0.630

0.841

0.699

NorESM2-LM

[-]

25.8

3.24

5.30

0.00

0.643

0.680

1.00

0.751

UK-HadGEM2-ES

[-]

26.8

4.12

8.15

0.00

0.330

0.664

1.00

0.664

UKESM1-0-LL

[-]

36.0

13.4

15.0

1.02

0.200

0.583

0.933

0.575

Temporally integrated period mean click to collapse contents

BENCHMARK MEAN Data not available

MODEL MEAN Data not available

BIAS

BIAS SCORE Data not available

RMSE

RMSE SCORE Data not available

BENCHMARK MAX MONTH Data not available

MODEL MAX MONTH Data not available

DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH Data not available

SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE Data not available

Spatially integrated regional mean click to collapse contents

MODEL COLORS Data not available

REGIONAL MEAN Data not available

ANNUAL CYCLE Data not available

MONTHLY ANOMALY Data not available

ANNUAL CYCLE Data not available

Data Information

Mean State
All Models
Data Information

Title:: FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

Version:: 2015

Institutions:: FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

References:: Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880; Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x; Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

Comment:: Fluxnet variable(s) used: SW_OUT

SurfaceUpwardSWRadiation / FLUXNET2015 / 1991-2015 / global / MPI-ESM1.2-HR

Temporally integrated period mean click to collapse contents

Spatially integrated regional mean click to collapse contents

SurfaceUpwardSWRadiation / FLUXNET2015 / 1991-2015 / global / MNAME

Data Information

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