Mean State

Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 2.13
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 2.03 -0.0995 1.48 0.0847 0.754 0.578 0.992 0.725
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 2.08 -0.0467 1.52 0.506 0.758 0.550 0.961 0.705
CanESM5 [-] 1.92 -0.208 1.55 0.938 0.764 0.541 0.921 0.692
CESM2 [-] 2.46 0.330 1.94 0.467 0.722 0.513 0.966 0.678
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 1.83 -0.301 1.74 0.128 0.682 0.532 0.989 0.684
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 1.43 -0.703 1.85 0.257 0.652 0.526 0.970 0.669
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.15 0.0209 1.36 0.0847 0.780 0.595 0.992 0.741
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.97 0.838 2.63 0.972 0.633 0.404 0.934 0.594
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 1.93 -0.196 1.55 0.467 0.737 0.564 0.968 0.708
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.37 0.244 1.84 0.551 0.714 0.523 0.958 0.680
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 2.51 0.383 1.80 0.0424 0.713 0.533 0.997 0.694
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 3.35
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 2.57 -0.793 2.64 1.08 0.574 0.459 0.867 0.590
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 2.62 -0.719 2.66 1.16 0.587 0.430 0.880 0.582
CanESM5 [-] 3.33 -0.0208 2.75 1.22 0.624 0.434 0.850 0.586
CESM2 [-] 2.50 -0.838 2.83 1.07 0.537 0.448 0.880 0.578
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 2.03 -1.32 2.85 1.27 0.506 0.431 0.814 0.545
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.41 -0.955 2.80 1.13 0.542 0.445 0.867 0.575
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.69 -0.662 2.30 0.915 0.622 0.502 0.880 0.627
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.93 -0.423 2.89 1.62 0.559 0.440 0.807 0.561
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.99 -0.241 2.81 1.03 0.624 0.417 0.875 0.583
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.51 -0.841 2.76 1.17 0.540 0.456 0.867 0.580
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 2.58 -0.761 2.79 1.13 0.554 0.429 0.878 0.573
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 1.92
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 0.751 -1.37 2.41 1.39 0.421 0.327 0.846 0.480
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 1.22 -0.699 2.09 1.57 0.535 0.344 0.860 0.521
CanESM5 [-] 3.28 1.36 2.90 1.45 0.549 0.284 0.905 0.505
CESM2 [-] 1.03 -0.891 2.25 1.57 0.394 0.356 0.850 0.489
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 0.707 -1.22 2.53 2.70 0.361 0.301 0.537 0.375
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 1.14 -0.779 2.52 2.92 0.426 0.297 0.653 0.418
MeanCMIP6 [-] 1.23 -0.697 2.02 1.68 0.490 0.390 0.837 0.527
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 0.781 -1.14 2.48 2.80 0.435 0.393 0.476 0.424
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 0.530 -1.46 2.41 1.58 0.403 0.355 0.805 0.480
NorESM2-LM [-] 1.02 -0.906 2.27 1.90 0.393 0.348 0.819 0.477
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 0.602 -1.32 2.39 2.58 0.476 0.320 0.562 0.419
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 0.999
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 1.04 0.0391 1.45 3.79 0.682 0.366 0.469 0.471
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 1.31 0.310 1.78 3.21 0.626 0.266 0.564 0.430
CanESM5 [-] 1.98 0.977 2.06 2.19 0.556 0.299 0.736 0.472
CESM2 [-] 1.28 0.281 1.91 2.92 0.653 0.202 0.610 0.417
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 0.917 -0.0822 1.18 3.06 0.599 0.366 0.572 0.476
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.55 1.55 2.49 1.75 0.322 0.215 0.846 0.399
MeanCMIP6 [-] 1.47 0.470 1.52 2.48 0.539 0.345 0.705 0.483
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 0.373 -0.627 1.62 4.36 0.299 0.360 0.180 0.300
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.01 1.01 2.38 3.06 0.563 0.120 0.572 0.344
NorESM2-LM [-] 1.45 0.448 1.93 2.48 0.433 0.264 0.705 0.416
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 0.629 -0.370 1.52 3.79 0.446 0.300 0.447 0.373
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 3.75
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 3.53 -0.227 2.50 0.645 0.708 0.535 0.940 0.680
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 3.04 -0.709 2.76 0.645 0.672 0.486 0.951 0.649
CanESM5 [-] 3.67 -0.0808 2.79 0.878 0.702 0.489 0.890 0.642
CESM2 [-] 2.46 -1.29 2.69 0.588 0.618 0.536 0.960 0.663
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 2.12 -1.63 3.07 0.921 0.551 0.494 0.886 0.606
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.28 -1.47 2.94 0.746 0.570 0.516 0.937 0.635
MeanCMIP6 [-] 3.00 -0.753 2.25 0.431 0.708 0.571 0.959 0.702
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 3.08 -0.675 2.81 0.961 0.633 0.518 0.906 0.644
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 3.65 -0.0660 2.79 0.632 0.705 0.482 0.936 0.651
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.56 -1.19 2.65 0.703 0.620 0.539 0.949 0.662
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 3.03 -0.719 2.71 0.617 0.631 0.525 0.950 0.658
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 6.58
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 4.33 -2.25 2.84 1.53 0.345 0.433 0.849 0.515
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 8.18 1.60 2.60 2.55 0.494 0.446 0.625 0.503
CanESM5 [-] 7.71 1.13 2.31 1.53 0.604 0.418 0.849 0.572
CESM2 [-] 7.61 1.02 2.77 3.57 0.633 0.341 0.369 0.421
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 5.66 -0.925 2.36 1.53 0.689 0.376 0.849 0.572
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 6.26 -0.324 2.04 1.53 0.727 0.395 0.774 0.572
MeanCMIP6 [-] 5.81 -0.769 1.88 2.55 0.748 0.443 0.625 0.565
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 8.52 1.94 3.05 2.55 0.427 0.378 0.552 0.434
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 8.74 2.15 3.07 1.53 0.391 0.422 0.829 0.516
NorESM2-LM [-] 8.05 1.47 2.76 2.55 0.521 0.355 0.552 0.446
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 8.51 1.92 2.79 1.53 0.430 0.439 0.774 0.521
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 4.95
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 2.74 -2.20 3.48 2.59 0.311 0.309 0.564 0.373
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 3.50 -1.44 3.44 2.26 0.312 0.280 0.709 0.395
CanESM5 [-] 5.20 0.254 3.37 2.20 0.357 0.313 0.631 0.403
CESM2 [-] 4.95 0.0514 3.54 1.81 0.303 0.312 0.669 0.399
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 3.41 -1.54 3.36 2.41 0.313 0.273 0.567 0.356
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 5.01 0.0675 2.92 2.40 0.440 0.304 0.658 0.426
MeanCMIP6 [-] 4.36 -0.583 2.53 2.16 0.442 0.384 0.637 0.461
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 4.32 -0.622 3.02 1.87 0.372 0.341 0.708 0.441
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 4.16 -0.570 3.45 2.19 0.427 0.232 0.599 0.373
NorESM2-LM [-] 4.98 0.0348 3.24 2.16 0.335 0.354 0.606 0.412
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 4.33 -0.601 3.98 1.92 0.370 0.189 0.733 0.370
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 0.797
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 0.0458 -0.751 1.37 2.78 0.521 0.382 0.710 0.499
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 0.209 -0.588 1.18 2.39 0.606 0.430 0.752 0.554
CanESM5 [-] 0.295 -0.502 1.26 1.89 0.644 0.400 0.875 0.580
CESM2 [-] 0.622 -0.176 1.73 3.14 0.538 0.309 0.674 0.457
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 0.742 -0.0551 1.19 0.640 0.727 0.406 0.958 0.624
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 0.451 -0.521 1.37 0.514 0.701 0.417 0.971 0.626
MeanCMIP6 [-] 0.425 -0.373 1.19 0.127 0.673 0.421 0.990 0.626
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 0.489 -0.308 1.43 3.90 0.671 0.330 0.573 0.476
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 0.490 -0.308 1.25 1.27 0.664 0.398 0.870 0.583
NorESM2-LM [-] 0.523 -0.274 1.51 3.27 0.598 0.326 0.646 0.474
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 0.273 -0.524 1.23 2.52 0.622 0.420 0.746 0.552
Download Data
Period Mean (original grids) [g m-2 d-1]
Bias [g m-2 d-1]
RMSE [g m-2 d-1]
Phase Shift [months]
Bias Score [1]
RMSE Score [1]
Seasonal Cycle Score [1]
Overall Score [1]
Benchmark [-] 3.47
ACCESS-ESM1-5 [-] 2.28 -1.19 3.22 0.970 0.517 0.426 0.913 0.570
BCC-CSM2-MR [-] 2.49 -0.947 3.04 1.23 0.583 0.414 0.887 0.575
CanESM5 [-] 3.21 -0.257 3.16 1.21 0.632 0.419 0.888 0.590
CESM2 [-] 2.17 -1.30 3.40 1.07 0.503 0.412 0.905 0.558
GFDL-ESM4 [-] 1.87 -1.60 3.26 1.39 0.492 0.423 0.826 0.541
IPSL-CM6A-LR [-] 2.30 -1.17 3.22 1.19 0.532 0.429 0.878 0.567
MeanCMIP6 [-] 2.48 -0.991 2.88 1.11 0.570 0.472 0.896 0.603
MIROC-ESM2L [-] 2.96 -0.511 3.39 1.82 0.563 0.413 0.772 0.540
MPI-ESM1.2-HR [-] 2.83 -0.438 3.44 1.05 0.606 0.385 0.908 0.571
NorESM2-LM [-] 2.05 -1.42 3.35 1.11 0.512 0.412 0.904 0.560
UKESM1-0-LL [-] 2.11 -1.36 3.22 1.26 0.521 0.410 0.876 0.554

Temporally integrated period mean

BENCHMARK MEAN
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MODEL MEAN
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BIAS
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BIAS SCORE
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RMSE
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RMSE SCORE
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BENCHMARK MAX MONTH
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MODEL MAX MONTH
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DIFFERENCE IN MAX MONTH
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SEASONAL CYCLE SCORE
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Spatially integrated regional mean

MODEL COLORS
Data not available
REGIONAL MEAN
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
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MONTHLY ANOMALY
Data not available
ANNUAL CYCLE
Data not available

All Models

Benchmark
Data not available
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ACCESS-ESM1-5
Data not available
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BCC-CSM2-MR
Data not available
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CanESM5
Data not available
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CESM2
Data not available
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GFDL-ESM4
Data not available
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IPSL-CM6A-LR
Data not available
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MeanCMIP6
Data not available
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MIROC-ESM2L
Data not available
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MPI-ESM1.2-HR
Data not available
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NorESM2-LM
Data not available
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UKESM1-0-LL
Data not available
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Data Information

  Title:
FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:
2015

  Institutions:
FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:
Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:
Fluxnet variable(s) used: GPP_DT_VUT_REF