Boreal forest Global - Land Subtropical desert Temperate grassland/desert Temperate seasonal forest Tropical rain forest Tropical seasonal forest/savanna Tundra Woodland/shrubland

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	0.312
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	1.28		0.965	4.38	0.0431		0.822	0.734	0.997	0.822
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	-1.39		-1.70	4.59	0.0861		0.830	0.707	0.994	0.809
CanESM5	[-]	-0.538		-0.850	4.57	0.0861		0.848	0.699	0.994	0.810
CESM2	[-]	0.859		0.547	4.27	0.129		0.874	0.716	0.991	0.825
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	-0.612		-0.925	4.08	0.0431		0.869	0.732	0.997	0.832
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	-1.06		-1.37	5.29	0.129		0.860	0.674	0.991	0.800
MeanCMIP6	[-]	0.375		0.0625	3.29	0.0431		0.865	0.781	0.997	0.856
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	2.27		1.95	4.65	0.128		0.805	0.729	0.991	0.814
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	0.694		0.382	3.89	0.0854		0.881	0.727	0.994	0.832
NorESM2-LM	[-]	0.841		0.529	4.19	0.128		0.884	0.718	0.991	0.828
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	-1.68		-2.00	4.89	0.0431		0.825	0.682	0.997	0.796

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	10.4
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	12.0		1.64	3.87	0.372		0.713	0.667	0.973	0.755
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	10.2		-0.205	3.71	0.430		0.770	0.645	0.961	0.755
CanESM5	[-]	11.1		0.758	3.89	0.468		0.750	0.644	0.962	0.750
CESM2	[-]	12.1		1.70	3.74	0.589		0.727	0.671	0.959	0.757
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	9.64		-0.746	3.35	0.322		0.780	0.658	0.972	0.767
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	10.0		-0.344	3.78	0.503		0.777	0.652	0.962	0.761
MeanCMIP6	[-]	10.9		0.557	2.89	0.382		0.794	0.721	0.966	0.801
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	12.3		1.90	4.02	0.325		0.725	0.657	0.969	0.752
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	10.5		0.164	3.37	0.398		0.782	0.659	0.970	0.767
NorESM2-LM	[-]	12.1		1.69	3.86	0.629		0.731	0.660	0.957	0.752
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	9.72		-0.666	3.98	0.478		0.760	0.630	0.958	0.744

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	21.6
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	22.1		0.467	2.58	0.109		0.834	0.585	0.993	0.749
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	21.8		0.159	2.21	0.785		0.840	0.628	0.882	0.744
CanESM5	[-]	22.3		0.722	2.89	0.565		0.780	0.568	0.963	0.720
CESM2	[-]	21.8		0.210	2.40	0.109		0.802	0.605	0.993	0.751
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	21.6		-0.0164	2.24	0.230		0.889	0.609	0.985	0.773
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	20.4		-1.21	2.60	0.335		0.764	0.582	0.965	0.723
MeanCMIP6	[-]	21.6		0.0284	1.76	0.567		0.879	0.680	0.896	0.784
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	23.2		1.55	3.13	0.783		0.700	0.587	0.949	0.706
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	22.7		1.08	2.86	0.456		0.732	0.600	0.970	0.725
NorESM2-LM	[-]	22.3		0.663	2.60	0.550		0.834	0.583	0.964	0.741
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	21.1		-0.494	2.52	0.900		0.779	0.616	0.887	0.724

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	18.1
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	18.2		0.0754	2.94	0.874		0.809	0.681	0.942	0.778
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	16.9		-1.17	2.98	0.867		0.841	0.669	0.943	0.780
CanESM5	[-]	17.0		-1.08	3.41	0.874		0.813	0.629	0.942	0.754
CESM2	[-]	19.4		1.31	3.19	1.01		0.809	0.674	0.933	0.772
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	15.5		-2.64	3.73	0.874		0.679	0.666	0.942	0.738
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	13.8		-4.26	4.59	1.01		0.527	0.691	0.933	0.710
MeanCMIP6	[-]	17.0		-1.09	2.67	0.874		0.848	0.705	0.942	0.800
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	19.1		0.949	3.62	0.726		0.845	0.611	0.952	0.755
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	17.0		-1.07	3.24	0.874		0.802	0.634	0.942	0.753
NorESM2-LM	[-]	19.4		1.26	3.34	1.01		0.763	0.679	0.933	0.763
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	16.8		-1.35	3.08	0.874		0.805	0.686	0.942	0.780

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	7.88
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	9.77		1.89	3.88	0.261		0.775	0.701	0.981	0.790
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	7.16		-0.719	3.82	0.306		0.829	0.654	0.979	0.779
CanESM5	[-]	8.92		1.04	3.80	0.451		0.809	0.688	0.970	0.788
CESM2	[-]	9.62		1.75	3.74	0.756		0.779	0.701	0.949	0.782
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	6.72		-1.15	3.35	0.175		0.806	0.700	0.988	0.798
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	7.78		-0.0943	3.91	0.437		0.809	0.670	0.971	0.780
MeanCMIP6	[-]	8.28		0.402	2.75	0.233		0.857	0.754	0.984	0.838
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	10.0		2.14	4.13	0.146		0.753	0.701	0.990	0.786
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	7.26		-0.617	3.33	0.335		0.843	0.696	0.977	0.803
NorESM2-LM	[-]	9.61		1.73	3.63	0.815		0.792	0.699	0.945	0.784
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	6.90		-0.972	4.21	0.378		0.833	0.626	0.975	0.765

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	25.3
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	27.2		1.91	2.03	0.00		0.0213	0.230	1.00	0.370
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	27.4		2.09	2.44	6.05		0.0148	0.171	7.41e-05	0.0891
CanESM5	[-]	28.4		3.11	3.30	5.10		0.00191	0.132	0.0631	0.0820
CESM2	[-]	27.0		1.72	1.97	0.00		0.0310	0.261	1.00	0.388
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	26.5		1.18	1.63	5.10		0.0918	0.140	0.0631	0.109
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	25.7		0.412	0.622	0.00		0.434	0.341	1.00	0.529
MeanCMIP6	[-]	27.2		1.91	2.13	5.10		0.0210	0.246	0.0631	0.144
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	26.6		1.29	1.27	6.05		0.0741	0.265	7.41e-05	0.151
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	25.9		0.564	0.942	0.00		0.319	0.251	1.00	0.455
NorESM2-LM	[-]	27.1		1.85	2.24	0.00		0.0239	0.179	1.00	0.345
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	26.9		1.57	1.75	5.10		0.0422	0.333	0.0631	0.193

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	24.5
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	26.8		2.26	3.37	0.630		0.385	0.466	0.947	0.566
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	26.2		1.64	2.55	0.921		0.471	0.533	0.922	0.615
CanESM5	[-]	26.5		1.93	3.19	0.582		0.476	0.459	0.956	0.588
CESM2	[-]	26.4		1.86	2.52	0.871		0.437	0.531	0.926	0.606
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	24.9		0.356	2.06	0.581		0.674	0.468	0.956	0.642
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	24.8		0.227	1.79	0.678		0.706	0.510	0.921	0.662
MeanCMIP6	[-]	26.0		1.44	2.11	0.533		0.512	0.585	0.965	0.662
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	26.1		1.55	2.63	0.821		0.514	0.486	0.910	0.599
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	26.0		1.51	2.67	0.871		0.471	0.459	0.914	0.576
NorESM2-LM	[-]	26.2		1.66	2.41	0.825		0.474	0.507	0.934	0.606
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	25.4		0.884	2.29	0.681		0.585	0.502	0.935	0.631

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	-8.75
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	-10.1		-1.36	4.95	0.383		0.778	0.695	0.974	0.786
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	-12.0		-3.24	6.55	0.00		0.701	0.648	1.00	0.749
CanESM5	[-]	-10.5		-1.71	5.58	0.129		0.745	0.645	0.991	0.757
CESM2	[-]	-9.02		-0.273	5.88	0.258		0.749	0.652	0.983	0.759
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	-9.92		-1.17	4.51	0.129		0.850	0.703	0.991	0.812
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	-8.87		-0.116	5.14	0.129		0.836	0.681	0.991	0.797
MeanCMIP6	[-]	-10.3		-1.57	4.43	0.129		0.783	0.736	0.991	0.812
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	-8.58		0.168	4.81	0.00		0.871	0.672	1.00	0.804
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	-10.9		-2.15	5.82	0.254		0.723	0.683	0.983	0.768
NorESM2-LM	[-]	-9.25		-0.496	6.50	0.385		0.746	0.638	0.974	0.749
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	-13.8		-5.06	6.44	0.00		0.632	0.676	1.00	0.746

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [degC]		Bias [degC]	RMSE [degC]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	11.6
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	13.7		2.13	4.07	0.539		0.698	0.688	0.962	0.759
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	12.1		0.560	3.70	0.309		0.787	0.661	0.979	0.772
CanESM5	[-]	12.6		1.03	4.00	0.440		0.746	0.663	0.971	0.761
CESM2	[-]	14.1		2.50	4.00	0.570		0.710	0.690	0.962	0.763
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	11.1		-0.496	3.53	0.344		0.762	0.665	0.977	0.767
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	11.7		0.0741	3.73	0.701		0.769	0.680	0.953	0.771
MeanCMIP6	[-]	12.7		1.07	3.18	0.440		0.796	0.727	0.971	0.805
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	13.7		2.06	4.30	0.180		0.727	0.660	0.988	0.759
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	12.3		0.696	3.37	0.393		0.799	0.676	0.974	0.781
NorESM2-LM	[-]	14.1		2.51	4.45	0.570		0.694	0.668	0.962	0.748
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	11.7		0.135	4.03	0.489		0.738	0.654	0.967	0.753

Boreal forest Global - Land Subtropical desert Temperate grassland/desert Temperate rain forest Temperate seasonal forest Tropical rain forest Tropical seasonal forest/savanna Tundra Woodland/shrubland Temporally integrated period mean Temporally integrated period mean bias Temporally integrated period mean bias score Temporally integrated period mean max month Temporally integrated mean phase shift Temporally integrated mean phase shift score Temporally integrated period mean rmse Temporally integrated period mean rmse score Spatially integrated regional mean cycle Spatially integrated regional mean detrended cycle Spatially integrated regional mean

  Title:

FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:

2015

  Institutions:

FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:

Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:

Fluxnet variable(s) used: TA_F