Boreal forest Global - Land Subtropical desert Temperate grassland/desert Temperate seasonal forest Tropical rain forest Tropical seasonal forest/savanna Tundra Woodland/shrubland

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	26.5
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	49.3		22.8	35.6	0.678		0.439	0.357	0.956	0.527
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	33.9		7.45	21.1	0.383		0.705	0.481	0.961	0.657
CanESM5	[-]	33.7		7.24	23.8	0.341		0.694	0.430	0.942	0.624
CESM2	[-]	30.7		4.24	18.5	0.297		0.770	0.510	0.972	0.691
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	42.6		16.1	28.6	0.297		0.573	0.427	0.980	0.602
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	35.0		8.55	21.7	0.510		0.677	0.478	0.935	0.642
MeanCMIP6	[-]	36.4		9.94	20.7	0.212		0.689	0.508	0.982	0.672
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	48.1		21.6	31.4	0.887		0.448	0.422	0.928	0.555
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	36.7		10.2	24.7	0.424		0.655	0.431	0.970	0.622
NorESM2-LM	[-]	32.6		6.13	20.7	0.508		0.759	0.498	0.953	0.677
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	35.4		8.86	22.8	0.212		0.680	0.456	0.982	0.644

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	40.1
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	60.0		19.8	40.0	1.40		0.480	0.324	0.775	0.476
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	49.7		9.53	30.7	1.29		0.582	0.388	0.804	0.541
CanESM5	[-]	51.7		11.5	34.4	1.17		0.546	0.353	0.818	0.517
CESM2	[-]	45.6		5.52	28.7	1.21		0.620	0.411	0.814	0.564
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	55.3		15.1	33.6	0.946		0.540	0.385	0.851	0.540
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	52.8		12.7	33.2	1.05		0.555	0.379	0.838	0.538
MeanCMIP6	[-]	52.0		11.8	28.7	0.937		0.576	0.438	0.863	0.579
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	63.2		23.1	38.2	1.10		0.410	0.385	0.846	0.507
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	51.7		11.5	37.0	1.10		0.500	0.338	0.826	0.501
NorESM2-LM	[-]	46.9		6.80	29.3	1.06		0.618	0.414	0.874	0.580
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	48.7		8.61	30.7	1.09		0.588	0.388	0.821	0.546

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	36.8
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	39.8		3.01	45.7	1.78		0.495	0.291	0.835	0.478
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	37.4		0.591	41.2	1.79		0.420	0.344	0.837	0.486
CanESM5	[-]	45.6		8.87	46.1	1.91		0.429	0.268	0.760	0.431
CESM2	[-]	26.9		-9.87	33.7	1.46		0.439	0.378	0.824	0.505
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	38.8		2.04	46.5	2.70		0.435	0.309	0.569	0.405
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	48.0		11.2	52.0	2.49		0.412	0.276	0.644	0.402
MeanCMIP6	[-]	42.3		5.49	41.0	1.91		0.445	0.360	0.748	0.478
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	45.9		9.09	41.2	1.35		0.409	0.313	0.819	0.464
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	33.2		-3.60	51.8	2.80		0.311	0.314	0.549	0.372
NorESM2-LM	[-]	44.8		8.05	48.4	1.91		0.389	0.316	0.756	0.444
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	37.0		0.222	46.8	2.25		0.432	0.303	0.621	0.415

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	22.7
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	30.6		7.90	24.8	1.02		0.650	0.286	0.833	0.514
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	28.6		5.93	24.8	3.19		0.650	0.277	0.417	0.405
CanESM5	[-]	32.1		9.38	29.4	1.46		0.627	0.242	0.803	0.479
CESM2	[-]	29.4		6.72	26.0	2.33		0.612	0.262	0.581	0.429
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	37.5		14.8	28.4	0.731		0.471	0.272	0.898	0.478
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	51.9		29.2	39.4	0.731		0.254	0.223	0.898	0.400
MeanCMIP6	[-]	35.6		12.8	23.1	0.586		0.521	0.353	0.906	0.533
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	38.5		15.8	24.9	0.586		0.451	0.347	0.941	0.521
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	34.5		11.8	29.7	1.17		0.530	0.204	0.816	0.439
NorESM2-LM	[-]	35.2		12.5	29.7	2.48		0.566	0.233	0.616	0.412
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	23.8		1.07	22.5	0.876		0.708	0.319	0.856	0.550

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	37.7
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	64.6		27.0	39.9	0.890		0.449	0.403	0.906	0.540
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	50.7		13.0	28.3	0.846		0.653	0.461	0.912	0.622
CanESM5	[-]	55.5		17.9	32.7	0.603		0.593	0.431	0.935	0.597
CESM2	[-]	44.3		6.65	24.0	0.646		0.718	0.505	0.932	0.665
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	56.2		18.6	31.2	0.518		0.575	0.467	0.949	0.615
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	48.7		11.1	29.5	0.606		0.623	0.449	0.944	0.616
MeanCMIP6	[-]	52.8		15.1	26.7	0.431		0.619	0.516	0.962	0.653
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	63.5		25.9	36.6	0.889		0.444	0.452	0.904	0.563
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	59.2		21.6	36.0	0.474		0.525	0.423	0.965	0.584
NorESM2-LM	[-]	45.2		7.58	24.1	0.763		0.703	0.499	0.934	0.659
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	50.3		12.7	28.0	0.488		0.649	0.477	0.951	0.639

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	82.2
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	63.6		-18.6	36.9	1.02		0.471	0.259	0.933	0.480
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	116.		33.8	41.6	1.02		0.280	0.376	0.933	0.491
CanESM5	[-]	109.		27.2	36.4	1.02		0.376	0.350	0.933	0.502
CESM2	[-]	96.3		14.2	30.6	2.02		0.665	0.336	0.752	0.522
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	101.		19.3	31.4	0.00		0.531	0.368	1.00	0.567
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	99.5		17.3	31.4	5.03		0.579	0.333	0.0717	0.329
MeanCMIP6	[-]	114.		31.7	40.4	0.00		0.307	0.333	1.00	0.493
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	129.		47.0	53.8	0.00		0.157	0.354	1.00	0.466
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	136.		53.8	64.8	5.10		0.117	0.229	0.0631	0.160
NorESM2-LM	[-]	93.1		10.9	29.4	1.03		0.676	0.326	0.930	0.564
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	116.		33.6	45.6	2.02		0.284	0.245	0.752	0.381

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	68.7
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	92.6		23.9	46.9	2.51		0.456	0.201	0.572	0.357
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	89.0		20.4	40.6	1.88		0.417	0.261	0.709	0.412
CanESM5	[-]	86.5		17.8	49.5	1.67		0.337	0.217	0.761	0.383
CESM2	[-]	86.3		17.7	36.9	2.01		0.509	0.313	0.678	0.453
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	85.8		17.2	41.7	1.92		0.444	0.247	0.673	0.403
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	99.4		30.8	49.9	2.31		0.353	0.259	0.645	0.379
MeanCMIP6	[-]	87.6		18.9	36.3	1.78		0.493	0.323	0.728	0.467
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	109.		40.6	53.7	2.07		0.192	0.288	0.669	0.359
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	72.1		3.46	53.0	1.93		0.308	0.194	0.688	0.346
NorESM2-LM	[-]	93.1		24.4	44.7	1.63		0.406	0.311	0.790	0.455
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	84.6		15.9	41.4	2.06		0.480	0.252	0.658	0.410

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	12.0
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	20.3		8.39	22.1	1.77		0.663	0.349	0.871	0.558
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	8.06		-3.89	11.3	0.635		0.744	0.466	0.972	0.662
CanESM5	[-]	11.4		-0.519	15.8	2.16		0.824	0.362	0.758	0.576
CESM2	[-]	12.1		0.118	14.1	1.40		0.780	0.405	0.889	0.620
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	19.3		7.35	16.8	1.40		0.751	0.413	0.909	0.621
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	13.9		1.92	16.5	1.78		0.851	0.356	0.849	0.603
MeanCMIP6	[-]	13.6		1.65	13.7	1.52		0.808	0.433	0.900	0.644
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	18.1		6.15	17.1	1.40		0.752	0.380	0.886	0.600
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	9.45		-2.51	13.8	0.508		0.787	0.390	0.975	0.636
NorESM2-LM	[-]	10.6		-1.37	15.0	1.65		0.682	0.422	0.835	0.590
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	12.6		0.612	13.8	1.40		0.752	0.431	0.903	0.629

	Download Data	Period Mean (original grids) [W m-2]		Bias [W m-2]	RMSE [W m-2]	Phase Shift [months]		Bias Score [1]	RMSE Score [1]	Seasonal Cycle Score [1]	Overall Score [1]
Benchmark	[-]	42.7
ACCESS-ESM1-5	[-]	58.9		16.3	43.0	1.89		0.516	0.314	0.687	0.458
BCC-CSM2-MR	[-]	47.9		5.25	34.5	1.73		0.600	0.372	0.716	0.515
CanESM5	[-]	48.3		5.60	36.4	1.78		0.585	0.347	0.703	0.496
CESM2	[-]	46.1		3.39	36.3	1.78		0.559	0.363	0.743	0.507
GFDL-ESM4	[-]	55.9		13.3	36.4	1.16		0.559	0.382	0.839	0.540
IPSL-CM6A-LR	[-]	52.4		9.72	34.8	1.02		0.589	0.376	0.879	0.555
MeanCMIP6	[-]	50.8		8.11	31.8	1.44		0.577	0.426	0.809	0.559
MIROC-ESM2L	[-]	61.7		19.0	40.7	1.18		0.485	0.376	0.850	0.522
MPI-ESM1.2-HR	[-]	48.4		5.76	37.9	1.47		0.575	0.326	0.804	0.508
NorESM2-LM	[-]	43.3		0.629	32.2	1.13		0.638	0.393	0.869	0.573
UKESM1-0-LL	[-]	46.6		3.90	33.4	1.63		0.586	0.378	0.763	0.526

Boreal forest Global - Land Subtropical desert Temperate grassland/desert Temperate rain forest Temperate seasonal forest Tropical rain forest Tropical seasonal forest/savanna Tundra Woodland/shrubland Temporally integrated period mean Temporally integrated period mean bias Temporally integrated period mean bias score Temporally integrated period mean max month Temporally integrated mean phase shift Temporally integrated mean phase shift score Temporally integrated period mean rmse Temporally integrated period mean rmse score Spatially integrated regional mean cycle Spatially integrated regional mean detrended cycle Spatially integrated regional mean

  Title:

FluxNet Tower eddy covariance measurements (Tier 1)

  Version:

2015

  Institutions:

FluxNet, AmeriFlux, AfriFlux, AsiaFlux, ChinaFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, KoFlux, CarboAfrica, CarboEuropeIP, CarboItaly, CarboMont, GreenGrass, OzFlux-TERN, LBA, NECC, ICOS, TCOS-Siberia, and USCCC

  References:

Reichstein, M., D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, C. Bernhofer, A. Knohl, T. Laurila, A. Lindroth, E. Moors, K. Pilegaard, and G. Seufert (2007), Determinants of terrestrialecosystem carbon balance inferred from European eddy covarianceflux sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01402, doi:10.1029/2006GL027880

Lasslop, G., M. Reichstein, D. Papale, A.D. Richardson, A. Arneth, A. Barr, P. Stoy, and G. Wohlfahrt (2010), Separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration using a light response curve approach: critical issues and global evaluation, Global Change Biology, 16, 187-208, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02041.x

Knauer, J., S. Zaehle, B.E. Medlyn, M. Reichstein, C.A. Williams, M. Migliavacca, M.G. De Kauwe, C. Werner, C. Keitel, P. Kolari, J.-M. Limousin, and M.-L. Linderson (2018), Towards physiologically meaningful water use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Global Change Biology, 24(2), 694-710, doi:10.1111/gcb.13893

  Comment:

Fluxnet variable(s) used: LE_F_MDS